CONDITIONS OF THE HAND AND WRIST

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A common condition that occurs when one of the major nerves in the hand is squeezed or compressed in the wrist. Carpal tunnel becomes worse over time if untreated and can lead to permanent dysfunction in the hand, including loss of sensation in the fingers and hand weakness.

De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis

This is a swelling of the tendons that run along the side of the wrist where your thumb is attached to the base of the hand. It occurs when the tendons are constricted by the sheath they run through from the wrist to the hand. It is commonly caused by overuse of the thumb and wrist on people with rheumatoid arthritis.

Dupuytren’s Contracture

This is an abnormal thickening of the skin in the palm and base of your fingers, developing into a hard lump or thick band, eventually causing one or more fingers to curl and pull sideways toward your palm.

Ganglion Cyst

This is a lump appearing where the hand and wrist meet, occurring near the joints or tendons, and is often described as a swelling or bump. These cysts are common and usually found on the back of the wrist, in the middle of the wrist, or toward the base of the thumb. They can be painful with direct pressure or motion of the joint.

Hand Arthritis

Arthritis can occur due to disease or trauma, both leading to inflammation of one or more of your joints. Hand arthritis is when one more of the many joints becomes inflamed and if untreated can lead to loss of shape, limited motion, and pain. Pain, stiffness, swelling, and progressive loss of motion of the fingers and wrist are common symptoms as arthritis progresses.

Hand Fractures

This involves a break in one of the bones in the hand, including the small bones in the fingers or the longer bones within the palm. Pain and swelling in the fingers or hand after direct trauma to the hand with swelling and deformity are common when a fracture occurs.

Hand Lacerations

Also known as flexor tendon injuries, these usually occur from a cut on the palm side of your fingers, hand, wrist, or forearm or from an extreme pull away from what you’re trying to grasp at. Tendon injuries prevent movement of the fingers and nerve injuries cause loss of sensation.

Mallet Finger

Sometimes referred to as baseball finger, this condition is from an injury to the thin tendon that straightens the end joint of a finger or thumb where the tip of a finger or thumb is forced to bend further than it is supposed to go.

Skiers Thumb

Also known as a sprained thumb, this often occurs when the ligaments within the thumb are stretched beyond their limits or torn, usually when the thumb is bent backward away from the palm. Symptoms include pain, swelling, instability at the base of the thumb, and difficulty or weakness with holding and pinching.

Thumb Arthritis

Also known as basal joint arthritis, with symptoms including pain at the base of the thumb and is the second most common type of arthritis in the hand. The cause is usually related to aging with the condition exacerbated by injury or overuse.

Trigger Finger

Also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, this condition causes pain, stiffness, and a locking sensation when you bend or straighten your finger. How trigger finger develops isn’t well known, though factors identified for an increase in risk are diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and forceful use of the fingers and thumb.

Wrist Fractures

A broken wrist can entail a fracture in any of the ten bones in the wrist and is described in two categories: non-displaced breaks where the bone hasn’t moved out of place, and displaced breaks where the bone needs to be put back into its proper position. The cause can range from osteoporosis to a sudden injury like falling or an accident of some sort. Swelling and pain are common symptoms of a wrist fracture.

Wrist Sprain

This condition develops when the ligaments supporting the wrist stretch beyond their limits or tear, such as bending or twisting intensely. There are three grades correlating to the severity of the injury and the symptoms can include bruising, swelling, tenderness, popping, or tearing felt in the wrist.

Our Hand Doctors

• Todd Havener, MD

CONDITIONS OF THE HIP

Burning Thigh Pain

This condition is also known as Meralgia Paresthetica and is a painful burning sensation on the outer side of the thigh that usually indicates the large sensory nerves in your legs are being compressed. The symptoms often extend to the outer side of the knee, sometimes reaching the groin area or across the buttocks, and sensitivity to light touch.

Hip Labral Tear

This type of injury usually occurs with athletes in high-impact sports and is a tear to the tissue that holds the ball and socket of the hip together. Some of the symptoms include a reduction in range of motion in the hip, a hip locking sensation, and pain. Other causes can be overuse or abnormalities in the shape or alignment of the hip bones.

Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)

FAI, also known as hip impingement, is a condition where the bones of the hip joint are abnormally shaped and rub against each other. This can damage the labrum, the cartilage that cushions the hip and acts as a shock absorber. This condition can lead to arthritis over time.

Hamstring Injuries

Injury of the hamstring is the most common thigh muscle injury and is known as a “pulled” hamstring, which is a strain or tears in the muscles or tendons at the back of the thigh. This injury typically occurs during accelerating-deceleration and high-speed running activities, such as basketball, football, and track and field.

Hip Arthritis

Also known as osteoarthritis and “wear-and-tear arthritis” is a common condition that occurs during aging, causing pain and stiffness which becomes more severe as time goes on without treatment or surgical intervention.

Hip Bursitis

This condition is an inflammation of the bursa, which are small and jelly-like sacs throughout the body between bones and soft tissue that contain a small amount of fluid. The bursa is meant to act as a cushion, reducing friction and inflammation develops typically from repetitive stress, injury to the hip, rheumatoid arthritis, bone spurs, or spine disease.

Hip Fractures

This is a break in the upper parts of the thighbone or femur, and typically occurs among seniors with osteoporosis or a younger person due to a high-energy impact, such as a high fall or car accident.

Hip Osteonecrosis

This condition is also known as avascular necrosis (AVN) and occurs when the blood supply to the thighbone is disrupted, leading to the collapse of the hip joint and severe arthritis as well as severe pain.

Hip Strain

This occurs when one of the supporting muscles to the hip joint is torn or stretched beyond its limits, they can range from mild to severe causing a reduction in hip movement. Severe strains can require physical therapy or medical intervention.

Post-Traumatic Arthritis

This type of arthritis is an inflammation in your joints caused by trauma, usually a bone fracture or dislocation. It can occur quickly after an injury or over years from wear and tear like most forms of arthritis and can be temporary or chronic.

Snapping Hip

A condition where a snapping sensation is felt or popping is heard while walking or getting up from a chair. This occurs when a muscle or tendon moves over a bone protrusion in the hip and isn’t a threat to your health. It is usually painless, though it can be annoying.

Our Hip Doctors

• Bill Huang, MD
• Nick Vaudreuil, MD
• Dominic Van Nielen, MD

CONDITIONS OF THE KNEE

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries (ACL)

One of the most common injuries to the knee, this is a sprain or tear that often requires surgery. An ACL injury can be the result of several activities, including slowing down while running, a sudden stop, a sudden change in direction, direct contact or a collision, and landing from a jump incorrectly.

Collateral Ligament Injuries

This is a common sports injury where the knee ligament tears or is sprained usually caused by a force that pushes the knee sideways. Common symptoms include pain at the sides of your knee, swelling, and a feeling that your knee is giving way.

Jumper’s Knee

Also known as “runner’s knee” or medically as patellofemoral pain syndrome. This condition often occurs when nerves sense pain in the bone and soft tissues around the kneecap, usually caused by repeated stress from physical activities.

Knee Arthritis

Also known as osteoarthritis and “wear-and-tear arthritis” is a common condition that occurs during aging, causing pain and stiffness which becomes more severe as time goes on without treatment or surgical intervention.

Meniscus Injuries

A common knee injury that is found among athletes who play contact sports and is caused by torn cartilage in the knee. Some of the symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, loss of range of motion, and the feeling of the knee giving way.

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

This is a common disease in growing adolescents and is inflammation just below the knee where the tendon from the knee attaches to the shinbone. This occurs during growth spurts and can be felt worse if participating in athletics.

Prepatellar Bursitis

This condition is inflammation of the small sac of fluid in front of the kneecap and causes several problems in the knee. The inflammation can be caused by a sudden injury to the knee or repetitive injury, such as frequently working while on your knees. Symptoms include pain and swelling as well as small bumps if the condition has been present for a long time.

Our Knee Doctors

• Siddharth Bhola, MD
• Bill Huang, MD
• Dominic Van Nielen, MD
• Nick Vaudreuil, MD

CONDITIONS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE

Achilles Rupture
The rupture of the Achilles tendon is a tearing and separation of the tendon fibers to where it can no longer normally function. Being that it’s the largest tendon in the body and connects your calf muscles to the heel bone, walking, running, and jumping aren’t possible until  treated.

Achilles Tendonitis/Tendinosis
An acute inflammation of the Achilles tendon, this condition may include microscopic degeneration from chronic damage over time. There are two types of Achilles tendonitis: non-insertional and insertional. The former is where the fibers in the middle of the tendon are affected, and the latter involves the lower portion where it connects to the heel bone.

Broken Ankle
Also referred to as an ankle fracture, it can range from a simple single bone break to several fractures that force your ankle out of place. Common symptoms include swelling, bruising, immediate and severe pain, and tender to the touch.

Bunions
A painful and bony bump that develops on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint, often developing slowly and from pressure on the big toe joint that forces the toe to lean toward the second toe. Early intervention for bunions is vital for the chance to halt or slow down their progression. If at-home pain management is insufficient, people should seek medical consultation. listen to Howard Barker, MD, discuss prevention and treatment of bunions.

Talus Fractures
The fracture of the talus is where one of the bones that form the ankle becomes fractured, usually from a high-energy event such as a car accident or high fall. It’s common to lose substantial motion and function if not remedied and can cause long-term complications if not surgically corrected.

Heel Fractures
Also referred to as a fracture of the calcaneus, this most often occurs during a high-energy event such as a fall or car accident where the heel is crushed. Treatment is necessary to avoid long-term complications such as loss of motion and arthritis, but can sometimes leave the patient with some conditions following treatment.

Hammer Toe
A condition where the second, third, or fourth toes are bent at the middle. While the condition in and of itself doesn’t require immediate treatment, left untreated, a hammer toe can become fixed and lose flexibility.

Jones Fracture
Also known as a fifth metatarsal fracture, it is the last of the long bones in the middle of the foot and is specifically the bone at the outside of the foot. The fracture usually occurs at the base of the foot.

Morton’s Neuroma
A condition often described as the feeling of walking on a marble and is caused by a thickening of the tissue that surrounds the digital nerve that leads to the toes, usually between the third and fourth toes, and caused by irritation, trauma, or excessive pressure.

Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is when inflammation occurs in the plantar fascia, a strong and fibrous attachment that runs from the heel to the ball of the foot and toes. Like a ligament, it’s a thick and rubbery band that stretches, connecting the bones in the foot together and forming the arch at the bottom of the foot. If you suffer from plantar fasciitis or have sore feet in the morning when getting out of bed, listen to Howard Barker, MD, as he explains the foot condition plantar fasciitis and the four steps you can perform to treat this condition.

Sprained Ankle
One of the most common injuries, an ankle sprain happens when the strong ligaments supporting the ankle stretch beyond their limits and tear. The severity of a sprain can range a great deal depending on the number of ligaments involved and the extent of tearing. If left untreated, a sprained ankle can become chronic and weaken your ankle so that recurrent sprains are more likely.

Stiff Big Toe
Also known as hallux rigidus, a common sign of arthritis in the foot and makes walking both difficult and painful. The causes are generally unknown but some factors include an injury to the big toe that damages the articular cartilage or increased stress on the joint from different foot anatomy.

Stress Fractures of the Foot and Ankle
A small crack or severe bruising in a bone often caused by overuse and repetitive activity, sometimes from suddenly changes in activity, such as a change or movement in the workout surface. Patients tend to experience tenderness at the fracture site and the pain usually develops gradually with heightened points during weight-bearing activities.

Consulting with Our Expert
We ensure personalized and holistic patient care at Proliance Surgeons Everett Bone and Joint. Please schedule an appointment today with our foot surgeon for expert medical intervention and comfort.

Our Foot and Ankle Doctors

• Alexander C. Higgins, DO

DISC REPLACEMENT SURGERY

Resident Proliance Surgeons Everett Bone & Joint spine surgeon John Pryor, MD, talks about cervical disc implant and disc replacement options: https://youtu.be/16G1y1Zxv_M

Our Joint Replacement Surgery Doctors

• John Pryor, MD

HIP SURGERIES

Bill Huang, MD, an orthopedic surgeon with Everett Bone and Joint, talks about the many benefits of hip surgery. The Anterior Approach to total hip replacement is an alternative to traditional hip replacement surgery that provides the potential for less pain, faster recovery, and improved mobility. Unlike traditional hip replacement surgery, this technique allows the surgeon to work between the muscles and tissues without detaching them from either the hip or thighbones.

https://youtu.be/9hCj9Vc27S8

Our Hip Surgery Doctors

• Bill Huang, MD
• Nick Vaudreuil, MD
• Dominic L. Van Nielen, MD

ROBOTICS-ASSISTED KNEE SURGERY

Our Robotics-Assisted Knee Surgery Doctors

• Bill Huang, MD
• Dominic L. Van Nielen, MD

DISCOVER MORE. FEAR LESS.

Robotics-assisted knee surgery with Smith + Nephew implants can deliver the ultimate knee replacement experience – a quicker, smoother recovery *1,2† using a naturally shaped knee made from materials designed to last.

KNEE REPLACEMENT HAS CHANGED-FOR THE BETTER

The earliest knee replacement procedures were performed in 1968 and relied on manual guides and procedures to remove damaged bone and place the implant within the joint.

Over time, more advanced implant techniques were introduced that used long metal alignment rods inserted into the center of the thigh bone (femur). These rods, which help determine the correct anatomic alignment between the knee and hip, provide an attachment point for positioning the surgical cutting guides. Once the bone cuts are made, the surgeon must remove these rods before the new implant can be positioned. More recently, pre-surgery improvements like computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) are now used to help create computer-generated surgical plans for each patient.

However, even with these advances, drawbacks still remain. For example, the use of alignment rods may lead to a risk of surgical complications such as fat embolisms3, CT scans can result in potentially harmful radiation exposure, and pre-surgical MRIs may increase overall costs or add time from consultation to procedure.

THE ULTIMATE KNEE REPLACEMENT EXPERIENCE

Enter robotics-assisted surgery: combining the advantages of traditional methods with innovations while minimizing the drawbacks to patients. This advanced technology is designed to help your surgeon plan and perform your knee replacement surgery with a greater degree of accuracy than is possible with traditional methods,4-8 and without the need for metal rods, CT scans or pre-surgical MRIs. Smith + Nephew, the only company offering handheld robotics assisted technology for partial and total knee replacements, believes this enhanced level of accuracy can give you a better long-term outcome.4-6,9

A UNIQUE PLAN

Your knee replacement surgery is as unique as you are because it’s the only one that combines your knee’s anatomy with the specific implant your surgeon chooses for you. As a result, your surgery requires an individualized surgical plan to help ensure your implant is positioned and aligned correctly for your anatomy. With robotics-assisted surgery, your surgeon uses the CORI◊ Surgical System to create a customized 3D digital model of your knee. This three-dimensional view helps your surgeon finalize and verify the right size implant for you and create a detailed surgical plan for how your replacement will be placed in order to optimize movement and function. As an added benefit, the 3D digital model eliminates the need to get a CT scan of your knee before your surgery, which reduces your exposure to harmful radiation.

A NATURAL FIT

Of course, robotics-assisted surgery is about more than a detailed 3D view of your knee. The CORI Surgical System also helps your surgeon perform the procedure as he/she planned it, giving you the combined benefits of the accuracy of robotics assistance and the skill and training of your experienced surgeon.5,6,10,11

When it comes to knee replacement surgery, accuracy is important because if an implant is positioned incorrectly, it may not function as well as it should nor last as long as possible. In addition to its added accuracy, when robotics-assisted surgical procedures are combined with the wide variety of Smith + Nephew implants available, your surgeon is able to choose the implant which best meets your needs, including options that allow you to keep more of your natural bone and ligaments, including the ACL.12 That means your body can maintain more of its natural rhythm and step.12,13 You may also regain function faster and get discharged from the hospital sooner as compared to conventional technique surgeries.* 13‡

A WIDE SELECTION

Knee replacement shouldn’t be a one-size-fits-all. With the CORI robotics-assisted surgical system, your surgeon is able to choose your implant from the widest selection available.14 Moving beyond the variety of options available, only Smith + Nephew knee implants can be made with a highly durable material called OXINIUM◊ Oxidized Zirconium. This unique, innovative material has been lab tested to last significantly longer than conventional knee implant materials.14,15

WHY DOES MY KNEE HURT?

One of the most common reasons for knee pain is osteoarthritis, also known as “wear and tear” arthritis. This disease often requires treatment using either full or partial knee replacement surgery. Generally speaking, as osteoarthritis progresses it causes the smooth cushion between bones (cartilage) to break down. This loss of cartilage can cause your joints to become swollen, hard to move and painful.17 While there’s no cure for osteoarthritis, there are lots of treatment options, including both surgical and nonsurgical options you should discuss with your surgeon. These include:

• Lifestyle changes that can include weight loss and reducing activities that are stressful on your knee
• Physician-prescribed low-impact exercises and physical therapy
• Medications to decrease swelling and provide temporary pain relief
• Surgical options, such as arthroscopic surgery, and partial and total knee replacement

WHICH TYPE OF REPLACEMENT IS RIGHT FOR ME?

Don’t limit your options – the CORI Surgical System works with both partial and total knee replacements.

PARTIAL KNEE REPLACEMENT

Most often, this procedure is an option for early to mid-stage knee pain and damage. With this type of knee implant your surgeon replaces the area of your knee that is damaged while keeping the supporting tissue and ligaments that help stabilize your knee.

Accurate implant placement is especially important with a partial knee replacement since it requires that your new implant be correctly balanced with your remaining bone and cartilage in your joint. Smith + Nephew offers the only hand-held robotics-assisted system that helps design a surgical plan that allows you to keep as much of your healthy bone and cartilage as possible.

Traditional surgical techniques use mechanical cutting guides, instead of tailoring a surgical plan that’s unique to you.

TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT

Most often, this procedure is an option for advanced knee pain and damage. With this type of knee implant your surgeon replaces the entire knee joint. It’s one of the most common procedures performed in all of medicine.

Since no two knee joints are the same, aligning your new knee implant requires your surgeon to match the position with your knee’s existing range of motion. The CORI System uses a robotics-assisted, handheld device – adding an additional layer of planning and accuracy directly in the skilled hands of the trained surgeon you trust.

Traditional surgical techniques still use rods and older methodology.

CORI SURGICAL SYSTEM

When a highly skilled surgeon is equipped with the latest in robotics-assisted and knee implant technology, you can rest easy knowing you’re getting the ultimate knee replacement experience.

The CORI Surgical System uses handheld robotics-assisted technology that helps your surgeon plan and perform your unique procedure. This robotics-assisted approach is efficient and more accurate than traditional knee surgery.5,6,8

At the beginning of your surgery, your surgeon uses the CORI system to create a customized 3D digital model of your knee. This three-dimensional view helps your surgeon finalize and verify the selection of your knee implant and create a plan for your surgery without the need for either a CT scan or MRI.

During the procedure, the CORI system works in conjunction with your surgeon’s skilled hands to achieve accurate positioning of the knee implant based on your unique anatomy. 7,10,11,18,20,21 The system sends precise information about your knee to the robotics-assisted handpiece more than 300 times per second, allowing your surgeon to remove damaged surfaces, balance your joint and position the implant with accuracy. 7,10,11,18,20,21

The result is a naturally shaped knee, made from materials designed to last longer, that is positioned with an added level of accuracy to allow for a quicker, smoother recovery*1,2†

IMPORTANT SAFETY NOTES

Not all patients are candidates for the Smith + Nephew knee products. Knee replacement surgery is intended to relieve knee pain and improve knee functions. Implants may not produce the same feel or function as your original knee, and individual results will vary. Potential risks include loosening, wear and infection that may result in the need for additional surgery. There are risks associated with any surgical procedure including CORI-enabled Knee Replacement. The CORI Surgical System is not for everyone. Discuss your condition and implant options with your surgeon to determine if the CORI Surgical System is right for you. Children, pregnant women, patients who have mental or neuromuscular disorders that do not allow control of the knee joint, and morbidly obese patients should not undergo a CORI-enabled procedure. The information listed in this brochure is for informational purposes and is not meant as medical advice. For more information, please talk to your surgeon.

REFERENCES

* Partial knee replacement vs conventional techniques

1. Sephton BM, Bakhshayesh P, Edwards TC, Ali A, Kumar Singh V, Nathwani D. Predictors of extended length of stay after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2019. 11(Suppl 2):S239-45
2. Canetti R, Batailler C, Bankhead C, Neyret P, Servien E, Lustig S. Faster return to sport after robotic-assisted lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: a comparative study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2018;138(12):1765-1771† n=28 (n=11 robotic procedures)
3. Al-Shaer DS, Ayoub O, Ahamed NA, Al-Hibshi AM, Baeesa SS. Cerebral fat embolism syndrome following total knee replacement causing a devastating neurocognitive sequelae 2016 Jul; 21(3): 271-274
4. Battenberg AK, Netravali NA, Lonner JH. A novel handheld robotic-assisted system for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: surgical technique and early survivorship.J Robot Surg.
5. Batailler C, White N, Ranaldi FP, et al. Improved implant position and lower revision rate with robotic assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.2019;27:1232.
6. Herry Y BC, Lording T, Servien E, Neyret P, Lustig S. Improved joint-line restitution in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty using a robotic-assisted surgical technique.Int Orthop.2017;41:2265-2271.
7. Gregori A, Smith JR, Picard F, Lonner JH, Jaramaz B. Accuracy of imageless robotically assisted unicondylar knee arthroplasty. Paper presented at: International Society for Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery (CAOS) 15th Annual Meeting; 2015; Vancover, Canada.
8. Bollars P, Boeckxstaens A, Mievis J, Kalaai S, Schotanus MGM, Janssen D. Preliminary experience with an image‑free handheld robot for total knee arthroplasty: 77 cases compared with a matched control group. Eur. J. Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2020;30(4):723-9
9. Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Shastri S, Jacoby SM. Why Are Total knee Arthroplasties Failing Today?Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research.2002;404:7-13
10. Bollars P, Boeckxstaens A, Mievis J, Janssen D. The Learning Curve and Alignment Assessment of an Image-Free Handheld Robot in TKA: The First Patient Series in Europe. Poster presented at: 19th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery. 2019; New York, USA.
11. Kopjar B, Schwarzkopf R, Chow J, et al. NAVIO Robotic Assisted Surgical System for Total Knee Arthroplasty Using JOURNEY II Guided-Motion Total Knee System. Poster presented at: ISTA 2-5 October, 2019; Toronto, Canada.
12. 00225 V3 JOURNEY II Design Rationale 11.17.
13. Shearman AD, et al. Robotic-assisted unicondylar knee arthroplasty is associated with earlier discharge from physiotherapy and reduced length of stay compared to conventional navigated techniques. EKS Arthroplasty Conference. May 2-3, 2019; Valencia, Spain ‡ n=62 (31 robotics)
14. Smith + Nephew 2020. Comparison of the number of available implants for robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty systems. Internal Report. EO.REC.PCS015.001.v1
15. Heyse TJ, Chen DX, Kelly N, et al. Matched-pair total knee arthroplasty retrieval analysis:Oxidized zirconium vs. CoCrMo. The Knee. 2011;18:448-452.
16. Papannagari R, Hines G, Sprague J and Morrison M. Long-term wear performance of an advanced bearing knee technology. ISTA, Dubai, UAE, Oct 6-9, 2010
17. https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/osteoarthritis. Accessed 22 Oct 2020
18. Gregori A, Picard F, Bellemans J, Smith JR, Simone A. Handheld Precision Sculpting Tool for Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty. A Clinical Review. Poster presented at: 15th EFORT Congress;4-6 June, 2014; London, UK
19. Geller JA, Rossington A, Mitra R, Jaramaz B, Khare R, Netravali NA. Rate of learning curve and alignment accuracy of an image-free handheld robot for total Knee Arthroplasty. European Knee Society Arthroplasty Conference;2019; Valencia, Spain.
20. Mitra R, Jaramaz B, Nikou C, Kung C. Accuracy Assessment of a Novel Image-Free Handheld Robot for Knee Arthroplasty in Bi-Cruciate retaining knee and total knee replacement – A Cadaveric Study. World Arthroplasty Congress;2018; Rome, Italy.
21. Kaper BP, Villa A. Accuracy and Precision of a Handheld Robotic-guided Distal Femoral Osteotomy in Robotic-assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty. European Knee Society Arthroplasty Conference;2019; Valencia, Spain

All information provided on this website is for information purposes only. Every patient’s case is unique and each patient should follow his or her doctor’s specific instructions. Please discuss nutrition, medication and treatment options with your doctor to make sure you are getting the proper care for your particular situation. If you are seeking this information in an emergency situation, please call 911 and seek emergency help.

Our Foot and Ankle Doctors

• Alexander C. Higgins, DO

Our Hand Doctors

• Todd Havener, MD